5/18/2023 0 Comments Vanilla beans(2017) found that vanillinic acid exhibited antioxidant activity using the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, did not have cytotoxic and genotoxic affects and seemed to decreased DNA damage induced by H 2O 2 in human lymphocytes.Ĭ.C. They also concluded that the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group in the vanillin structure was important for this inhibition and that vanillin and apocynin also inhibited angiogenesis as determined by the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. In addition, vanillin and apocynin could inhibit the enzymatic activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), as revealed by an in vitro lipid kinase assay, suggesting that inhibition of PI3K activity was a mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration. They found that vanillin and apocynin could inhibit cell migration, and both compounds selectively inhibited Akt phosphorylation of HGF signaling, without affecting phosphorylation of Met and Erk. (2009), they examined the antimetastatic potential of vanillin and its structurally related compounds, vanillic acid, vanillyl alcohol, and apocynin on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced migration of human lung cancer cells by the Transwell assay. In another study by Lirdprapamongkol et al. Both monomeric and dimeric forms target regulation of the invasion process by inhibiting phosphorylation of FAK and Akt and the molecular docking studies suggested that the dimers should bind more tightly than vanillin and apocynin to the Y397 pocket of the FAK FERM domain ( Jantaree et al., 2017). In this study the dimeric forms exhibited potency higher than those of vanillin and apocynin in inhibiting invasion. Vanillin was found to suppress metastasis in a mouse model as well as divanillin, apocynin and diapocynin based on the Transwell invasion assay as reported by Jantaree et al. (2017) added that their novel findings suggest that the curcumin degradation products (vanillin is one) can also provide health benefits. (2017) employed biophysical, biochemical and cell based assays, which showed that vanillin and curcumin similarly affect insulin amyloid aggregation by promoting formation of harmless fibrils and that vanillin restrains AGE formation and protects from AGE-induced cytotoxicity. Studies show that vanillin, one of the main polyphenols in vanilla extract, is able to inhibit early and advanced glycation modification and amyloid-like aggregation of albumin and thus exhibits protective effect toward its native conformation ( Awasthi and Saraswathi, 2016). It is not surprising that vanilla and its components can provide health benefits. Vanilla also contains complex tannins, polyphenol resins, free amino acids and waxes. In addition to these compounds, vanilla extracts contain more than 200 volatile constituents. Vanilla extracts are rich in polyphenols ( Fig. 9), which are also responsible for their pleasing aroma and flavor. Vanilla is the one of the most expensive spices, second to saffron, the most expensive spice in the world which is retailing from $5000 to 10,000 per pound. Bourbon-Madagascar vanilla is the most popular because of its desirable aroma and flavor profile. On the other hand, West Indian vanilla is made from V anilla pompona, which is grown in the Caribbean and Central and South America. Tahitian vanilla produced from V anilla tahitiensis comes from French Polynesia and was hypothesized to be a hybrid of V. planifolia and V anilla odorata through genetic testing. Mexican vanilla is extracted from V. planifolia in Mexico where vanilla plant originally came from. These are the Bourbon vanilla or Bourbon-Madagascar vanilla that is produced from V anilla planifolia plants in Madagascar, Coromos and Rèunion but is also grown in India. There are four main commercial cultivars of vanilla. The vanilla beans come from a climbing, tropical orchid plant that is native to Mexico. Vanilla is extracted from cured vanilla beans. Embuscado, in Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry, 2019 Vanilla
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